An AR-15 pistol is a weapon that has a barrel shorter than 16 inches, does not have a stock, and is shorter than 26 inches overall. The lack of a stock defines the AR pistol as a pistol. If you equip an AR-15 platform of any caliber with a barrel shorter than 16 inches and a stock it becomes a short barreled rifle. A short barreled rifle is legal to own in most states but requires the user to go through the NFA process, register the weapon, and pay a 200 dollar tax stamp.
An AR pistol allows the user to have a barrel shorter than 16 inches, without having to go through the
NFA process. Some states will prohibit the ownership of short-barreled rifles regardless of the Federal law. This makes an AR-15 pistol the only option for someone wanting a short barrel AR-15.